Material parameters / material models

This article features a set of example material models that can be used as starting points in simulations.

Please note that the actual properties of each material depend on many factors (shape, size distribution, surface roughness, ...) and calibration might still required. The coarsegraining factors provided are the ones that were used in the calibration, changing them (or the particle size, ...) might change the overal material behaviour.

Overview

Soil, Sand, Agriculture

Process engineering & Plastics

Pharma

Material Models

Coarse Sand

coarsegraining 2 model_check warn
particle_shape sphere
materials { hamburger_sand }
material_properties hamburger_sand coefficientFriction 0.918 coefficientRestitution 0.648 coefficientRollingFriction 0.057 density 2650 poissonsRatio 0.3 youngsModulus 5e6
particle_contact_model normal hertz tangential history cohesion off rolling_friction epsd2
particle_template id pt1 material hamburger_sand shape sphere radius 0.0006
particle_template id pt2 material hamburger_sand shape sphere radius 0.00045
particle_template id pt3 material hamburger_sand shape sphere radius 0.00025
particle_template id pt4 material hamburger_sand shape sphere radius 0.000125
particle_distribution id pd1 templates { pt1, pt2, pt3, pt4 } fractions { 0.065, 0.9, 0.0335, 0.0015 }

Fine sand (AFS 50/70)

coarsegraining 1.0 model_check warn
particle_shape sphere
materials { sand_AFS_50_70 }
material_properties sand_AFS_50_70 coefficientFriction 0.72 coefficientRestitution 0.68 coefficientRollingFriction 0.05 density 2650 poissonsRatio 0.3 youngsModulus 1e7
particle_contact_model normal hertz tangential history cohesion off rolling_friction epsd2
particle_template id pt1 material sand_AFS_50_70 shape sphere radius 1.25e-4
particle_distribution id pd1 templates { pt1 } fractions { 1 }

Glass spheres (1mm)

coarsegraining 1 model_check warn
particle_shape sphere
materials { SiLiBeads }
material_properties SiLiBeads coefficientFriction 0.65 coefficientRestitution 0.85 coefficientRollingFriction 0.005 density 2500 poissonsRatio 0.45 youngsModulus 5e6
particle_contact_model normal hertz tangential history cohesion off rolling_friction epsd2
particle_template id pt1 material SiLiBeads shape sphere radius 0.0005
particle_distribution id pd1 templates { pt1 } fractions { 1 }

Glass spheres (3mm)

coarsegraining 1 model_check warn
particle_shape sphere
materials { SiLiBeads }
material_properties SiLiBeads coefficientFriction 0.509 coefficientRestitution 0.977 coefficientRollingFriction 0.005 density 2500 poissonsRatio 0.3 youngsModulus 5e6
particle_contact_model normal hertz tangential history cohesion off rolling_friction epsd2
particle_template id pt1 material SiLiBeads shape sphere radius 0.00149
particle_template id pt2 material SiLiBeads shape sphere radius 0.0015
particle_template id pt3 material SiLiBeads shape sphere radius 0.00151
particle_distribution id pd1 templates { pt1, pt2, pt3 } fractions { 0.3, 0.4, 0.3 }

Sinter

coarsegraining 7.5 model_check warn
particle_shape sphere
materials { Sinter }
material_properties Sinter coefficientFriction 0.4 coefficientRestitution 0.2 coefficientRollingFriction 0.8 coefficientRollingViscousDamping 0 density 2600 poissonsRatio 0.4 youngsModulus 2e8
particle_contact_model normal hertz tangential history cohesion off rolling_friction epsd
particle_template id pt1 material Sinter shape sphere radius 5e-3
particle_template id pt2 material Sinter shape sphere radius 7.5e-3
particle_template id pt3 material Sinter shape sphere radius 12.5e-3
particle_template id pt4 material Sinter shape sphere radius 20e-3
particle_distribution id pd1 templates { pt1, pt2, pt3, pt4 } fractions { 0.55, 0.17, 0.11, 0.17 }

Polypropylene flakes

coarsegraining 3 model_check warn
particle_shape mixed shapes { sphere, superquadric }
materials { PP }
material_properties PP coefficientFriction 0.5 coefficientRestitution 0.5 coefficientRollingFriction 0.2 density 690 poissonsRatio 0.43 youngsModulus 1e7
particle_contact_model normal hertz tangential history cohesion off rolling_friction epsd2
particle_template id pt1 material PP shape sphere radius 0.005
particle_template id pt2 material PP shape sphere radius 0.004
particle_template id pt3 material PP shape sphere radius 0.002
particle_template id pt4 material PP shape superquadric semiaxis ( 0.0025, 0.005, 0.008 ) blockiness ( 3, 3 )
particle_template id pt5 material PP shape superquadric semiaxis ( 0.003, 0.003, 0.005 ) blockiness ( 3, 3 )
particle_distribution id pd1 templates { pt1, pt2, pt3, pt4, pt5 } fractions { 0.0875, 0.0875, 0.65, 0.0875, 0.0875 }

Plastic flakes (for frictional heating)

coarsegraining 3 model_check warn
particle_shape sphere
materials { plastic_waste }
material_properties plastic_waste alphaI_min 0.45 coefficientFriction 0.5 coefficientRestitution 0.2 coefficientRollingFriction 0.11 compressibility 75 density 1300 dilatability 0.5 electricalResistivity 1e16 hardening 0.9 poissonsRatio 0.43 thermalCapacity 1250 thermalConductivity 0.3 youngsModulus 1.5e8
particle_contact_model normal hertz tangential history cohesion off rolling_friction epsd2 settings heating_normal_hertz on heating_tangential_history on
particle_template id pt1 material plastic_waste shape sphere radius 0.0021
particle_template id pt2 material plastic_waste shape sphere radius 0.002
particle_template id pt3 material plastic_waste shape sphere radius 0.0019
particle_distribution id pd1 templates { pt1, pt2, pt3 } fractions { 0.3, 0.4, 0.3 }
enable_heat_transfer initial_particle_temperature 450
enable_surface_heating track_heating yes
fix pu1 all powder/update alpha_relaxation_time 0.5 use_hardening yes pressure_avg_time 0.01 non_linear no

Soil (medium cohesivity)

coarsegraining 2 model_check warn
particle_shape sphere
materials { soil }
material_properties soil coefficientFriction 0.41 coefficientRestitution 0.5 coefficientRollingFriction 0.3 cohesionStrength 0.15 density 2000 initialCohesiveStress 0.25 maxCohesiveStress 1700 poissonsRatio 0.4 youngsModulus 1e7
particle_contact_model normal hertz tangential history cohesion adaptive rolling_friction epsd2
particle_template id pt1 material soil shape sphere radius 0.0024
particle_template id pt2 material soil shape sphere radius 0.0025
particle_template id pt3 material soil shape sphere radius 0.0026
particle_distribution id pd1 templates { pt1, pt2, pt3 } fractions { 1, 1, 1 }

Limestone powder

coarsegraining 1.0 model_check warn
particle_shape sphere
materials { limestone }
material_properties limestone coefficientFriction 0.71 coefficientRestitution 0.5 coefficientRollingFriction 0.5 initialCohesiveStress 0.0 maxCohesiveStress 59949 cohesionStrength 0.2083 density 2100 poissonsRatio 0.3 youngsModulus 5e6
particle_contact_model normal hertz tangential history cohesion adaptive rolling_friction epsd2
particle_template id pt1 material limestone shape sphere radius 2.5e-3
particle_distribution id pd1 templates { pt1 } fractions { 1 }

Milling beads

coarsegraining 1 model_check warn
particle_shape sphere
materials { beads }
material_properties beads coefficientFriction 0.08 coefficientRestitution 0.5 coefficientRollingFriction 0.13 density 847 poissonsRatio 0.3 youngsModulus 5e6
particle_contact_model normal hertz tangential history cohesion off rolling_friction epsd2 settings
particle_template id pt1 material beads shape sphere radius 2.5e-3
particle_distribution id pd1 templates { pt1 } fractions { 1 }

Pharmaceutical excipient fine

coarsegraining 1.0 model_check warn
particle_shape sphere
materials { excipient_fine }
material_properties excipient_fine coefficientFriction 0.5 coefficientRestitution 0.5 coefficientRollingFriction 0.23 initialCohesiveStress 0.0 maxCohesiveStress 6800 cohesionStrength 0.26 density 850 poissonsRatio 0.3 youngsModulus 5e6
particle_contact_model normal hertz tangential history cohesion adaptive rolling_friction epsd2
particle_template id pt1 material excipient_fine shape sphere radius 2.5e-3
particle_distribution id pd1 templates { pt1 } fractions { 1 }

Pharmaceutical excipient coarse

coarsegraining 1.0 model_check warn
particle_shape sphere
materials { excipient_coarse }
material_properties excipient_coarse coefficientFriction 0.24 coefficientRestitution 0.5 coefficientRollingFriction 0.83 initialCohesiveStress 0.0 maxCohesiveStress 18600 cohesionStrength 0.53 density 850 poissonsRatio 0.3 youngsModulus 5e6
particle_contact_model normal hertz tangential history cohesion adaptive rolling_friction epsd2
particle_template id pt1 material excipient_coarse shape sphere radius 2.5e-3
particle_distribution id pd1 templates { pt1 } fractions { 1 }

Crystalline API

coarsegraining 1.0 model_check warn
particle_shape sphere
materials { api }
material_properties api coefficientFriction 0.27 coefficientRestitution 0.5 coefficientRollingFriction 0.72 initialCohesiveStress 0.0 maxCohesiveStress 680 cohesionStrength 0.65 density 850 poissonsRatio 0.3 youngsModulus 5e6
particle_contact_model normal hertz tangential history cohesion adaptive rolling_friction epsd2
particle_template id pt1 material api shape sphere radius 0.5e-3
particle_distribution id pd1 templates { pt1 } fractions { 1 }